[SUDANTRIBUNE] Conflicting reports continue to surface regarding a proposed meeting between the leaders of Sudan ...a Moslem country located in the Horn of Africa. It is noted for its affinity for rule by ex- or current generals, its holy men, and for the oppression of the native Afro population by its Arab conquerors. South Sudan, populated mostly by the natives, split off from Sudan proper, which left North and South Darfur to be oppressed by the guys with turbans... ’s army and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), scheduled for this week at the invitation of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD).
The meeting aims to discuss a ceasefire and the resumption of humanitarian aid delivery to the conflict-ridden nation.
A bigwig from Sudan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs has cast doubt on the meeting’s immediate feasibility, stating that arrangements for the direct encounter between Army Commander in Chief Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and RSF Commander Mohammed Hamdan Daglo Hemetti are yet to be finalized.
The official noted, "To my knowledge, the arrangements for the meeting have not been completed yet."
This statement contradicts earlier reports from al-Sharq Channel, which claimed that al-Burhan and Hemetti received a letter from the IGAD Chairman inviting them to meet in Djibouti on December 28th.
Former Prime Minister Abdullah Hamdok, in his role as head of the Civil Democratic Forces Coordination, also has extended an invitation for the two belligerents for the meeting with him to convene urgently to discuss ways to end the conflict.
Posted by: Fred ||
12/27/2023 00:00 ||
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[AFRICANEWS] In Nigeria, a day after a series of attacks on villages claimed over 100 lives, Plateau state Governor Caleb Mutfwang affirmed that the perpetrators will be brought to justice.
He expressed dismay that the season meant for peace, laughter, and joy in the communities of the state is marred by the actions of evildoers.
"It is sad that within the last two days, we have lost innocent people as a result of incessant attacks in parts of the Mangu and Bokkos local government areas. As a matter of fact, my own intelligence is putting it at not less than 50 people. Let me say enough is enough. We cannot continue these senseless, stupid, unprovoked attacks. It is totally uncalled-for," said the state Governor.
The attacks, which started in the Bokkos area, spilled into the neighboring Barkin Ladi, where 30 people were found dead, according to local chairman Danjuma Dakil.
For years, bitter competition has raged between transhumant
...the reporter means transient. The transient herders are the Fulani, linked to Boko Haram/ISWAP...
herders and sedentary farmers over natural resources in central and north-western Nigeria, with the latter accusing the former of plundering their land with their livestock.
Aggravated by climate change and the demographic explosion in this country of 215 million inhabitants, the sporadic violence has led to a serious security crisis, with attacks by heavily armed bandidos and endless reprisals between communities, as well as a humanitarian crisis.
The governor criticized security agencies for their reactionary strategy instead of proactive measures.
"We will not rest until we bring those culpable of these dastardly acts to book. Clearance operations, in conjunction with other security agencies, would commence immediately," added Abdullsalam Abubakar, Nigerian Army commander.
The governor highlighted the lack of arrests and prosecutions as a contributing factor to the ongoing crisis, noting that some citizens of the states feel their attackers are being protected.
Nigeria's new president, Bola Ahmed Tinubu, who took office last May, has made the fight against insecurity one of the priorities of his mandate.
[HODHODYEMENNEWS.NET] ster of Defense in Sana’a, Major General Muhammad Nasser al-Atifi, confirmed on Monday Yemen ...an area of the Arabian Peninsula sometimes mistaken for a country. It is populated by more antagonistic tribes and factions than you can keep track of... ’s full combat readiness to deal with all possible options and hypotheses in the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Bab al-Mandab, and the Arabian Sea.
"Our strategic deterrent weapons and their ranges reach far beyond what the enemies expect, and there are no red lines in front of us, and all possibilities are open, and the time distance is absolute," Major General al-Atefi said during the analytical conference for commanders, staff, and officers of the naval and coastal defense forces for the training, combat, and operational year 2023, which was held in Hodeidah city.
The Yemeni Defense Minister commented on the so-called American coalition under the name of protecting international navigation, saying that its main goal is to force Yemen and its people to retreat from their positions in support of the Paleostinian people.
He added, "We assure Washington, Tel Aviv, London, and those with them and their agents in the region and those in their orbit that today’s Yemen is different from yesterday’s Yemen, and all the actions and positions you have seen are a prelude and preliminary steps," threatening with painful future if their hostile stances persist against Gazoo ...Hellhole adjunct to Israel and Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, inhabited by Gazooks. The place was acquired in the wake of the 1967 War and then presented to Paleostinian control in 2006 by Ariel Sharon, who had entered his dotage. It is currently ruled with an iron fist by Hamas with about the living conditions you'd expect. It periodically attacks the Hated Zionist Entity whenever Iran needs a ruckus created or the hard boyz get bored, getting thumped by the IDF in return. The ruling turbans then wave the bloody shirt and holler loudly about oppression and disproportionate response... people.
The Defense Minister emphasized that all ships in the world would be safe and would be protected, except for the ships identified by the Yemeni armed forces through their official front man, in reference to Israeli ships or those linked to Israel.
He added, "As long as the whole world realizes this, it must respect Yemeni illusory sovereignty and acknowledge the freedom and independence of Yemeni sovereign decision-making in its seas and ports."
Posted by: Fred ||
12/27/2023 00:00 ||
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Top|| File under: Houthis
#1
...today’s Yemen is different from yesterday’s Yemen... Yes, instead of rushing pell-mell from the 14th Century to the 17th, it has now entered the 19th.
[CNN] Senior US officials will head to Mexico Wednesday to seek more help from their counterparts to drive down border crossings as President Joe Biden faces increasing pressure over the handling of the US southern border.
Immigration has been a political vulnerability for Biden amid fierce criticism from Republicans and some members of his own party over the situation at the US-Mexico border. This month, the issue fell at the center of the president’s foreign policy agenda, as the White House lobbied for aid to Ukraine and Israel amid their war efforts. Lack of consensus over border policy changes ultimately kept Biden from clinching billions of dollars in funds for Ukraine, Israel and the border before the end of the year.
Ahead of Wednesday’s meeting, Homeland Security officials have discussed a range of ways Mexico can help drive down numbers at the US border that will be among their asks, including moving migrants south, controlling the railways that are used by migrants to move north, and providing incentives to not journey to the border, like visas, to remain in the country and avoid migrating irregularly.
Secretary of State Antony Blinken, Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas and White House Homeland Security adviser Liz Sherwood-Randall will attend the gathering, which bookends a year that kicked off with migration as a key issue.
#2
The Mexicans will succumb to the powerful double team of Tony and Alejandro. It sounds like the plot to an alternative filmmaking genre.
Posted by: Super Hose ||
12/27/2023 12:33 Comments ||
Top||
#3
Biden, Blinken & Nod continue to escape any and all scrutiny for their role in controlling their own country's border crossings. Biden's non feasance is past the point of an impeachable offense.
#6
The Dems don’t tolerate Biden, Harris, Blinken, Mayorkas and Buttigieg. They perpetrate them upon us. Usually when an Administration does something heinous, they offer up a staff member as a sacrifice. We haven’t even gotten to that point.
Posted by: Super Hose ||
12/27/2023 14:17 Comments ||
Top||
Direct Translation via Google Translate. Edited.
[KavkazUzel] Security forces released boxer Umar Salamov, who was kidnapped in January along with residents of the village of Alkhan-Kala. Most of those abducted were convicted under the article of participation in an illegal armed group and are serving their sentences, the Memorial Human Rights Center reported.
As the "Caucasian Knot" wrote, world and European boxing champion Umar Salamov was kidnapped by security forces
...which is usually defined as an arrest in the style manuals...
along with residents of the village of Alkhan-Kala, Grozny district of Chechnya. He has not been charged with aiding militants,
...since it’s Chechnya, one assumes the militants were jihadis, probably linked to either Al Qaeda or ISIS...
but there is still no information about his whereabouts, human rights activists Oleg Orlov and Oyub Titiev said.
Earlier, on January 18, the Memorial Center for Human Rights Protection reported that after an inspection, information from telegram channels opposition to the authorities of Chechnya about the kidnapping of at least 25 residents of the village of Alkhan-Kala by Chechen security forces was confirmed.
On April 24, human rights activists reported that a group of residents of the village of Alkhan-Kala, whose whereabouts were unknown after their abduction by security forces in January, was in one of the detention centers in Chechnya on charges of involvement in militants.
Mass abductions in Alkhan-Kala began on the evening of January 7, a Memorial Center for Human Rights volunteer found out. According to him, the security forces took the abducted people away from the village in an unknown direction, but they did not introduce themselves or say which units they belonged to.
Human rights activists confirmed that among those abducted were 14 people, whose names were named in publications on telegram channels: Said-Magomed Ayubov, Turpal Batsaraev, Magomed Vatsiev, Ramzan Vatsiev, Samad Gerikhanov, Muslim Gerikhanov, Adlan Isaev, Usman Musaev, Khamzat Solsayev, Khalim Solsaev, Adam Solsaev (director of school No. 3), Usman Khatuev, Akhyad Khatuev and Bekhan Khatuev. Among the abducted there are close relatives (the Khatuev and Solsaev brothers), Memorial reported.
World boxing champion Umar Salamov was released on the night of October 31 to November 1, volunteers of the Memorial Human Rights Center found out. According to sources in Chechnya, at least in the first months after the abduction, he was subjected to torture and humiliation, according to a report on the center's website.
Most of the kidnapped residents of Alkhan-Kala, after being held in an illegal prison, were officially registered, charged under the article of organizing an illegal armed group or participating in it (Article 208 of the Criminal Code provides for up to 20 years in prison), and sentenced to terms ranging from two years six months to 10 years in prison, the Memorial Human Rights Center reported today.
Most of the convicts are serving their sentences in IK-2 in Chernokozovo in Chechnya. One was transferred to another region of Russia. It was not possible to find out which one exactly. Relatives refused to communicate with human rights activists, fearing to worsen the situation of their relatives, the report stated.
On his Instagram account, which has 60,000 subscribers, Salamov, after a long break, resumed publishing on December 8, publishing a video from a training session.
"Training camp. The beginning of the journey," he wrote, tagging the post with the tag Akhmat. All of the following publications are also dedicated to training. “It’s a long break, but very soon I will return to the professional ring and make a splash,” Salamov said on December 14. On December 25, under a new video from training, he promised a quick fight. “Back in action, expect a big fight soon,” Salamov wrote.
Ramzan Kadyrov mentioned Salamov at least twice in his Telegram channel. So, on December 1, 2018, he, commenting on the boxer’s victory in a fight with Emanuel Annima, during which Salamov defended his titles according to the WBO INTERNATIONAL and EBP (Eurasian Boxing Parliament), Kadyrov noted that Salamov “once again proved that he is one of the experienced and undefeated in their weight category."
Earlier, on July 1, 2017, Kadyrov was indignant that boxers Umar Salamov and Vitaly Bigdash, as well as Brazilian fighter Fabricio Werdum, “gave up their titles by decision of the judges.”
The "Caucasian Knot" wrote that in December 2021, Umar Salamov lost the fight for the World Boxing Association (WBA) world title, losing to Dmitry Bivol. Bivol called Salamov one of the most difficult opponents.
[IsraelTimes] Japan’s government announces that it will sanction three senior members of Hamas ...the well-beloved offspring of the Moslem Brotherhood,... to limit their ability to fund terrorism.
Tokyo’s Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshimasa Hayashi says the trio’s assets will be frozen and their payments and transactions will be sanctioned, according to Rooters.
The Hamas officials, whom the report doesn’t name, are believed by Japan to have had a role in the Paleostinian terror group’s October 7 massacres, and to currently be "in a position to use funds to finance such terrorist activities."
[Daily Caller] Hoover Institute senior fellow Victor Davis Hanson said Tuesday on Fox News that Americans will eventually get fed up with "hardcore socialists," slamming them for "taking advantage" of the freedoms within the U.S.
Hanson appeared on "The Ingraham Angle" to discuss the ongoing pro-Palestine protests within the country. Fox guest host Kayleigh McEnany asked the senior fellow his thoughts on why pro-Palestinian protestors haven’t spoken up since Hamas recently rejected a ceasefire plan from Egypt.
Hanson said not only are protestors "right where they always wanted to be" but they are "hardcore socialists" pushing for qualities that go against America’s liberty and freedom. (RELATED: Pro-Palestine Protesters Gather Outside The Homes Of Biden Admin Officials On Christmas Day)
"Well, they’re right where they always wanted to be — because they don’t believe in democracy. This isn’t the party of JFK or Bill Clinton or Hubert Humphrey even — these people are hardcore socialists and they believe in mandated equality, not liberty or freedom," Hanson stated.
"So here at home, if things don’t go their way they want to get rid of the filibuster. They want to pack the court, or they want to admit new states, or they want to take an opponent off the ballot — they don’t believe in democracy."
[GEO.TV] Days after Pakistain Tehrik-e-Insaf ...a political party in Pakistan. PTI was founded by former Pakistani cricket captain and philanthropist Imran Khan. The party's slogan is Justice, Humanity and Self Esteem, each of which is open to widely divergent interpretations.... (PTI) Vice-Chairman Shah Mehmood Wormtongue Qureshi ...a Pak political shape-changer. He is undistinguished except for his habit of periodically needing to have his lips reattached... secured his much sought-after bail in the cipher case, the former foreign minister was detained on Tuesday after a detention order was issued instead of letting him walk free today.
The order, issued by Rawalpindi deputy commissioner under the Maintenance of Public Order (3-MPO), alleges that the PTI leader was involved in instigating violence in the May 9 riots — which saw military installations being vandalised across the country — and that his release might endanger public safety.
"It is probable that after his release from jail, he will again continue his above activities which may lead to a law and order situation, harmful to the life and property of the general public," read the order.
Posted by: Fred ||
12/27/2023 00:00 ||
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[GEO.TV] The Election Commission of Pakistain (ECP) on Tuesday accepted the nomination papers of Pakistain Moslem League-Nawaz (PML-N) supremo Nawaz Sharif ...served two three non-consecutive terms as prime minister, heads the Pakistain Moslem League (Nawaz). Noted for his spectacular corruption, the 1998 Pak nuclear test, border war with India, and for being tossed by General Musharraf, then by the courts... from NA-130 Lahore constituency.
Party leader Bilal Yasin confirmed the development two days after he submitted the papers at the ECP on behalf of the PML-N supremo.
The former prime minister filed his nomination to contest polls from the Lahore and Mansehra ...a city and an eponymous district in eastern Khyber-Pakthunwa, nestled snug up against Pak Kashmir, with Kohistan and Diamir to the north and Abbottabad to the south... constituencies, the papers for which were scrutinised today. Ahead of the scrutiny, the party tasked its legal team to brace for any likely objection to the supremo's submission.
"By the grace of Allah, Nawaz Sharif's nomination papers were accepted from NA-130," said Yaseen, a senior political leader in the party.
During a presser in Lahore, Yaseen — flanked by the party supremo's lawyer Amjad Parvez — said that Nawaz's papers have been approved without objection.
Posted by: Fred ||
12/27/2023 00:00 ||
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Top|| File under: Govt of Pakistan
[IsraelTimes] An IDF soldier has died after being infected by a dangerous strain of fungus while fighting in the Gazoo ...Hellhole adjunct to Israel and Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, inhabited by Gazooks. The place was acquired in the wake of the 1967 War and then presented to Paleostinian control in 2006 by Ariel Sharon, who had entered his dotage. It is currently ruled with an iron fist by Hamas with about the living conditions you'd expect. It periodically attacks the Hated Zionist Entity whenever Iran needs a ruckus created or the hard boyz get bored, getting thumped by the IDF in return. The ruling turbans then wave the bloody shirt and holler loudly about oppression and disproportionate response... Strip, the Kan public broadcaster reports.
The soldier was brought to Assuta Ashdod Medical Center two weeks ago with severe injuries to his limbs, the report says. Despite round-the-clock care, the fungus proved to be treatment-resistant and the soldier succumbed to his wounds.
Around ten soldiers are believed to have been infected with the same fungus and are undergoing treatment in Israel, the former director of Sheba Medical Center’s Infectious Diseases Unit told Kan radio on Tuesday morning.
The source of the fungus is believed to be ground soil that had been contaminated with sewage waste. The infection is then contracted through wounds sustained by soldiers fighting in Gaza which cannot be kept sterile due to the conditions on the ground.
[IsraelTimes] A new Iranian phishing attack designed to trick Israeli organizations into downloading malware that steals and deletes information has been detected by the Israel National Cyber Directorate.
In a warning, the directorate says that the phishing attacks are carried out by sending an email designed to look like a crucial security update from the cybersecurity company F5. The email would contain a link designed to look like a software update that, upon being downloaded, would install malware onto the computer.
The malware would then steal data and delete it from the computer.
The directorate instructs users to take steps to block the attacks ahead of time, to report any suspicious emails, and to avoid clicking on links before checking them.
[IsraelTimes] Israel says it will no longer grant automatic visas to UN employees, accusing the United Nations ...a formerly good idea gone bad... of being "complicit partners" in Hamas ...a regional Iranian catspaw,... ’s tactics.
The move ratchets up tensions between the United Nations and Israel, which has long claimed the world body directs unfair and disproportionate criticism at it.
Government front man Eylon Levy says that Israel will consider visa requests from UN employees on a case-by-case basis rather than automatically.
Levy accuses the UN of covering up for Hamas, saying it failed to condemn the terror group for allegedly operating out of hospitals and purportedly stealing aid destined for civilians in Gazoo ...Hellhole adjunct to Israel and Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, inhabited by Gazooks. The place was acquired in the wake of the 1967 War and then presented to Paleostinian control in 2006 by Ariel Sharon, who had entered his dotage. It is currently ruled with an iron fist by Hamas with about the living conditions you'd expect. It periodically attacks the Hated Zionist Entity whenever Iran needs a ruckus created or the hard boyz get bored, getting thumped by the IDF in return. The ruling turbans then wave the bloody shirt and holler loudly about oppression and disproportionate response... . Hamas denies both charges.
[HODHODYEMENNEWS.NET] The Prime Minister of the Israeli occupation entity, Benjamin Netanyahu, said on Monday that Tel Aviv will not stop the war on the Gazoo ...Hellhole adjunct to Israel and Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, inhabited by Gazooks. The place was acquired in the wake of the 1967 War and then presented to Paleostinian control in 2006 by Ariel Sharon, who had entered his dotage. It is currently ruled with an iron fist by Hamas with about the living conditions you'd expect. It periodically attacks the Hated Zionist Entity whenever Iran needs a ruckus created or the hard boyz get bored, getting thumped by the IDF in return. The ruling turbans then wave the bloody shirt and holler loudly about oppression and disproportionate response... Strip until the goals of the war are achieved.
This came during his meeting with the families of Zionist prisoners in Gaza.
Netanyahu added that he is making every effort to recover the prisoners in Gaza, noting that he spoke with US President Joe The Big Guy Biden ...46th president of the U.S. I'm not working for you. Don't be such a horse's ass.... , French President Emmanuel Macron, and British Prime Minister Richie Sunak, about the prisoners.
He pointed out that not all efforts made to free detainees in Gaza are disclosed, saying: "We will turn every stone in order to return the detainees, and we will not stop the war until we win decisively."
This speech sparked the anger of the families of the prisoners, who boycotted Netanyahu’s speech and chanted, "Send them back, now, now."
Posted by: Fred ||
12/27/2023 00:00 ||
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#2
Netanyahu doesn’t respect Biden’s authority any more than anybody else does. Look for somebody that actually is on the team that controls Biden to step in to pressure Bibi.
Posted by: Super Hose ||
12/27/2023 12:38 Comments ||
Top||
A key difference between the two parties in the conflict: Hamas kidnaps people, kills them, and holds the bodies hostage without telling anyone they’re dead, while Israel takes bodies only long enough to find out they aren’t theirs, then returns them.
[IsraelTimes] Israel reportedly returns the bodies of 80 Paleostinians who were killed in Gazoo ...Hellhole adjunct to Israel and Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, inhabited by Gazooks. The place was acquired in the wake of the 1967 War and then presented to Paleostinian control in 2006 by Ariel Sharon, who had entered his dotage. It is currently ruled with an iron fist by Hamas with about the living conditions you'd expect. It periodically attacks the Hated Zionist Entity whenever Iran needs a ruckus created or the hard boyz get bored, getting thumped by the IDF in return. The ruling turbans then wave the bloody shirt and holler loudly about oppression and disproportionate response... after taking them from morgues and graves to check there were no hostages among them, according to sources in the Hamas ...a regional Iranian catspaw,... -run Gaza health ministry.
The bodies, which had been transported to Israel, were returned through the Red Thingy to Hamas authorities who buried them in a mass grave in Gaza, the sources claim.
An AFP photographer saw a digger lowering the blue body bags into a trench in Rafah, on the south end of the territory.
Following inspection of the corpses, they were returned to the Red Thingy through the Kerem Shalom crossing between Israel and the Gaza Strip. They were then transported in a truck to the mass grave, the sources says.
The IDF did not immediately comment on the report.
Direct Translation via Google Translate. Edited.
[Regnum] Next year, the Pentagon expects to receive new XM7 assault rifles and XM250 machine guns into service with the United States military, ArmiTimes reports. They are intended to replace the older M4 rifles and M249 machine guns.
The weapons will be supplied as part of the Next Generation Squad Weapon program, which translates as “New Generation Squad Weapons.” It was launched back in 2017. The US Department of Defense headquarters needed to replace old weapons.
When developing this weapon, one of the key goals was more powerful armor penetration at long ranges. As for the characteristics: the XM250 light machine gun has a belt feed of ammunition into the chamber. The XM7 rifle has a magazine release. These samples are chambered for the XM1186 6.8mm cartridge, which has become the new standard for NATO small arms.
Motorized infantry, airborne troops and special operations forces will be equipped with new assault rifles and machine guns. The contract for the supply of XM7 assault rifles and XM250 machine guns is valued at $4.5 billion.
[Iran] Tehran dismisses the ineffective International Atomic Energy Agency’s report that Iran ...a theocratic Shiite state divided among the Medes, the Persians, and the (Arab) Elamites. Formerly a fairly civilized nation ruled by a Shah, it became a victim of Islamic revolution in 1979. The nation is today noted for spontaneously taking over other countries' embassies, maintaining whorehouses run by clergymen, involvement in international drug trafficking, and financing sock puppet militias to extend the regime's influence. The word Iran is a cognate form of Aryan. The abbreviation IRGC is the same idea as Stürmabteilung (or SA). The term Supreme Guide is a the modern version form of either Duce or Führer or maybe both. They hate JewsZionists Jews. Their economy is based on the production of oil and vitriol... has increased the rate at which it is producing near-weapons-grade uranium in recent weeks.
"We did not have any new work and our current activity is being carried out according to the framework and regulations," says Iran’s atomic energy chief Mohammad Eslami, according to the official IRNA news agency.
The IAEA said yesterday that Iran had reversed a previous slowdown that started in the middle of this year.
Iran had previously slowed down the rate at which it was enriching uranium to 60 percent purity. Uranium enriched at 60% purity is just a short, technical step away from weapons-grade levels of 90%.
A multi-volume chronology and reference guide set detailing three years of the Mexican Drug War between 2010 and 2012.
Rantburg.com and borderlandbeat.com correspondent and author Chris Covert presents his first non-fiction work detailing
the drug and gang related violence in Mexico.
Chris gives us Mexican press dispatches of drug and gang war violence
over three years, presented in a multi volume set intended to chronicle the death, violence and mayhem which has
dominated Mexico for six years.
Rantburg was assembled from recycled algorithms in the United States of America. No
trees were destroyed in the production of this weblog. We did hurt some, though. Sorry.
...a Moslem country located in the Horn of Africa. It is noted for its affinity for rule by ex- or current generals, its holy men, and for the oppression of the native Afro population by its Arab conquerors. South Sudan, populated mostly by the natives, split off from Sudan proper, which left North and South Darfur to be oppressed by the guys with turbans...
...the well-beloved offspring of the Moslem Brotherhood,...
...a Pak political shape-changer. He is undistinguished except for his habit of periodically needing to have his lips reattached...
...a city and an eponymous district in eastern Khyber-Pakthunwa, nestled snug up against Pak Kashmir, with Kohistan and Diamir to the north and Abbottabad to the south...
...a regional Iranian catspaw,...
...46th president of the U.S. 
...a regional Iranian catspaw,...
...a theocratic Shiite state divided among the Medes, the Persians, and the (Arab) Elamites. Formerly a fairly civilized nation ruled by a Shah, it became a victim of Islamic revolution in 1979. The nation is today noted for 
