The shootout occurred near the Stavropol region's border with Karachayevo-Cherkessiya, a Mohammedan region that rests in the foothills of the North Caucasus mountains.
The region has in the past largely avoided the violence that has wrecked other parts of southern Russia, and there were few immediate details of Tuesday's clash.
An interior ministry official said the "special operation" began Tuesday morning and raged for about five hours in the heavily forested region.The rebels returned fire after being detected by the Russian tropps, killing one policeman in injuring three others, the RIA Novosti news agency quoted the official as saying.
The battle broke out amid reports that Russian forces were organising a concerted hunt for the feared Islamist Doku
Count DokuUmarov, who has claimed a suicide strike that killed 36 people at a Moscow airport last month.
Umarov and his small band of well-armed guerrillas have avoided Russian troops in the North Caucasus mountains for much of the past decade.