Five years ago, he was a bankrupt felon with a conviction for passing bad checks. He was facing deportation. And he was living in a subsidized, low-income apartment complex in Paulsboro, scratching for cash by trying to sell used cars from the complex's parking lot. Today he is the central figure in the Fort Dix terrorism trial, an FBI informant who may have received more than $3,000 a month to wear a body wire and record conversations.Mahmoud A. Omar, whose immigration problems appear to have gone the way of his financial difficulties, spent more than a year working undercover in the case. While some details about his role have surfaced in pretrial documents, Omar's actions and motivation will be the focus of what could be the most important testimony in the high-profile trial. Was he the FBI's eyes and ears inside a conspiracy to gun down Army personnel on the sprawling Burlington County military complex? Or was he an agent provocateur who took the hollow words and empty threats of five hotheaded young Muslims and turned them into a terrorist plot?
"He is a consummate con man," said Rocco Cipparone, the lawyer for Mohamad Shnewer, the defendant who spent the most time with Omar. "He wasn't in this for patriotic or altruistic motives," added Cipparone, who has spent hours going over transcripts and FBI memos detailing Omar's activities. "He was very adept at manipulating conversations." Prosecutors have declined to comment about the 39-year-old Egyptian Muslim or a second cooperating witness in the case.
Jury selection began last week. Opening statements are expected this month. The defendants, in addition to Shnewer, 23, are brothers Dritan Duka, 29, Shain Duka, 27, and Eljvir Duka, 24, and Serdar Tatar, 24. The five foreign-born Muslims, all raised in the Philadelphia area, were arrested in May 2007 and charged with planning to gun down Fort Dix military personnel in a jihad-inspired attack.
Omar routinely met with his FBI handlers at public locations in the township - the parking lot of the library, in front of the Cherry Hill Skating Center, at the Steak & Ale restaurant on Frontage Road, and outside the public-works garage. At those meetings, he would turn over tapes of conversations, get his instructions, have his car fitted with audio and video recording devices, and receive cash payments, usually $1,500. Defense attorneys, who will receive a tally of the cash paid to Omar and the second cooperating witness before they testify, estimate it will exceed $50,000.
The lawyers are expected to argue that money motivated Omar - that he brought the ethics and style of a sleazy used-car salesman to the undercover operation, doing and saying whatever was necessary to close the deal. All five defendants interacted with him, and most were picked up on tape. Those conversations and Omar's testimony are at the heart of the case. How Omar comes across on the stand may determine the fate of the defendants, who face possible life sentences.
The FBI has said Omar began working undercover in its investigation early in 2006, shortly after a videotape of the defendants waving weapons and shouting for jihad turned up at a Circuit City store in Mount Laurel.
Omar's entry into the alleged Fort Dix conspiracy came through Shnewer, the youngest defendant and, Shnewer's lawyer argues, one of the most gullible. Shnewer was working at his father's Plaza Food Market in Pennsauken. Omar was a regular, and struck up a friendship with Shnewer and his family. The two men would socialize, play pool, and talk about cars, politics, and their ethnic and Muslim heritage. On one tape, Shnewer discussed attacking Fort Dix. "I assure you that you can hit an American base very easily," he said. But he appeared to defer to his older friend. "I am at your services, as you have more experience than me in military bases and in life," he told Omar.
An earlier conversation, cited in an FBI memo, demonstrated how Omar used his ethnicity to solidify his bond with Shnewer. In March 2006, Omar asked Shnewer's mother to cook a lamb for what the memo describes as an aqiqa, a traditional welcoming party for a newborn. This was soon after Omar's daughter was born. Shnewer suggested a mosque where Omar could have the party, and, according to the document, Omar agreed to pay Shnewer's mother $350 for preparing the lamb feast.
Tapes and FBI memos also refer to conversations about jihad and attacks on Fort Dix, surveillance trips to the base and other targets, and philosophical discussions about Muslim extremism. Other evidence includes a map of Fort Dix given to Omar by Tatar, whose family owned a nearby pizza shop, and an attempt by two of the Dukas to purchase seven assault rifles from an undercover agent posing as friend of Omar's who was an illegal gun dealer. There are also conversations noted in FBI investigative memos but not recorded because Omar said he wasn't wearing a wire or because the recording device malfunctioned or the tape ran out.
Defense attorneys point to those alleged lapses - and to the fact that Omar had the ability to turn his recorder off - as opportunities for Omar to fabricate information or steer the conversation in a certain direction before he turned on his tape. Omar was "an extremely good used-car salesman," Cipparone, Shnewer's lawyer, said last week. He was adept not only at closing the deal but, "in many respects, creating it."